Little v. Hecox
Whether Idaho's law categorically barring biological males from women's sports teams violates the Equal Protection Clause as applied to transgender women who have medically mitigated their sex-based biological advantages, and whether as-applied equal protection challenges are viable under intermediate scrutiny.
Oral Argument Recording
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Background & Facts
Idaho passed H.B. 500, the Fairness in Women's Sports Act, becoming the first state to categorically bar biological males from competing on women's sports teams at all levels from kindergarten through college. Lindsay Hecox, a transgender woman and student at Boise State University, challenged the law. Hecox had undergone hormone therapy, suppressing testosterone and taking estrogen for over a year, and argued she no longer possessed the sex-based biological advantages the law aimed to address. The district court issued a preliminary injunction, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed.
After the Supreme Court granted certiorari, Hecox filed an affidavit stating she had permanently stopped playing sports covered by the ban due to increasing hostility and visibility from the litigation, and attempted to dismiss parts of her case. The district court struck the dismissal notice, noting Hecox's plans had changed before and could change again. Idaho argued the case was not moot, while Hecox's counsel maintained the withdrawal was genuine.
The case presented the Court with a largely unresolved doctrinal question: whether individuals can bring as-applied equal protection challenges to laws that are facially valid under intermediate scrutiny. Idaho and the federal government argued that if the sex-based classification is justified for 99 percent of males, the law survives scrutiny. Hecox argued that a discrete subgroup of transgender women who have mitigated their biological advantages should be exempt because the state's justification does not apply to them.
Why This Case Matters
This case has the potential to reshape equal protection doctrine in two major ways. First, it could establish or foreclose the viability of as-applied equal protection challenges under intermediate scrutiny — a question the Justices acknowledged is 'surprisingly unanswered.' If the Court holds that as-applied challenges are not available when a classification is facially valid, it would significantly limit individuals' ability to challenge sex-based laws that are overbroad as to them. If it permits such challenges, it must define what constitutes a sufficiently large or definable subclass.
Second, the case directly addresses whether transgender women can be categorically excluded from women's sports regardless of medical interventions, implicating the rights of millions of transgender Americans. The Court's ruling will likely influence how 27 states with similar bans and 23 states without them regulate transgender participation in athletics. The case also touches on whether transgender status should be recognized as a suspect or quasi-suspect classification warranting heightened scrutiny, a question the Court has never squarely decided.
The Circuit Split
Circuits are beginning to divide on the constitutionality of state laws that categorically prohibit transgender athletes from competing on teams consistent with their gender identity. This split implicates the level of scrutiny applicable to sex-based and transgender classifications and whether as-applied challenges are viable under intermediate scrutiny.
Laws likely violate Equal Protection
Holds that categorical bans on transgender women in women's sports likely violate the Equal Protection Clause as applied to transgender individuals who have medically mitigated their sex-based biological advantages.
Laws are constitutional
Holds that such laws are a permissible exercise of state authority to maintain fair competition in women's sports based on biological sex differences.
The Arguments
Idaho's law classifies based on biological sex, not transgender status, because sex is what determines athletic advantage. The sex-based classification passes intermediate scrutiny for 99 percent of males, and the Constitution does not require a perfect fit. As-applied equal protection challenges that carve out tiny subclasses effectively convert intermediate scrutiny into strict scrutiny.
- Gender identity does not matter in sports; sex correlates with athletic advantages like size, muscle mass, bone density, and cardiopulmonary capacity
- Medical transition does not reliably suppress all male athletic advantages, citing 600 women losing 890 medals across 29 sports per a U.N. report
- Allowing as-applied exceptions would be unadministrable, requiring ongoing testosterone monitoring and opening the door to any male claiming lack of competitive advantage
- The case is not moot because Hecox's post-certiorari withdrawal is suspect, and under City of Erie, voluntary cessation by a party seeking to escape jurisdiction does not moot a case
Key Exchanges with Justices
Justice Kagan
“Are you saying there is really no such thing as an as-applied equal protection challenge, and if there were, what would it look like?”
Hurst conceded the Court's precedent is 'surprisingly sparse' on this question and struggled to articulate what a valid as-applied challenge would look like, suggesting it might only affect the remedy.
Justice Jackson
“Why can't the individual simply seek an exception from the general rule based on their individual capacity, given that the state's rule is based on fairness and medical science?”
Hurst's primary response was the slippery slope — nothing limits the argument to transgender athletes — revealing that administrability, not constitutional principle, drives the petitioner's position.
Justice Barrett
“How would your theory play out for six-year-olds where there's no meaningful difference in athletic ability between boys and girls?”
Hurst disputed the premise that young children lack sex-based differences, but the question exposed potential overbreadth in a law covering kindergarten through college.
States may separate sports by biological sex and apply that rule equally to all biological males, including those who identify as female. Denying a special accommodation is not discrimination. Even if some men could eliminate physiological advantages through drugs, the law need only be reasonably tailored, not perfectly tailored.
- Michael M. and Nguyen both rejected claims where the state's justification didn't apply to the specific plaintiff, establishing that intermediate scrutiny doesn't require case-by-case tailoring
- Allowing as-applied claims for a fraction of a percent of the affected population collapses the distinction between intermediate and strict scrutiny
- If an as-applied challenge could exist, the subclass would need to be substantial — perhaps a third of affected persons — not a tiny fraction
- The government is actively litigating in lower courts that states allowing transgender women in women's sports violate Title IX
Key Exchanges with Justices
Justice Jackson
“Why does the subclass have to be so large? Why can't a person who shows the law is unconstitutional as applied to them get a remedy?”
Mooppan's response — that allowing one-person claims converts intermediate scrutiny to strict scrutiny — revealed the tension between individual rights and classification-based analysis.
Justice Kagan
“Can you describe a true as-applied equal protection challenge, not just a case where part of a law is facially invalid?”
Mooppan acknowledged the Court's cases 'haven't really talked about it' and could only hypothesize about a one-third threshold, exposing the lack of doctrinal foundation for his position.
Justice Kavanaugh
“Do states that allow transgender women and girls in women's sports violate the Equal Protection Clause?”
Mooppan could not answer the equal protection question, revealing the government's position is asymmetric and suggesting the Constitution permits both approaches.
H.B. 500 fails heightened scrutiny as applied to transgender women who have mitigated their sex-based biological advantages because the state's justification — preventing unfair athletic competition — does not apply to them. Circulating testosterone after puberty is the main determinant of sex-based advantage, and Hecox suppressed hers for over a year.
- Caban, Lehr, Trimble, and Lalli establish that when a government's justification for a sex-based classification does not apply to a discrete subgroup, the classification is unconstitutional as to that subgroup
- The law also discriminates on the basis of transgender status, and transgender people have a history of de jure discrimination including immigration exclusion and criminal penalties for cross-dressing
- The record was preliminary and underdeveloped; both lower courts called for further factual development before final judgment
- The categorical ban is overbroad, covering kindergarten through college with no exceptions regardless of individual circumstances
Key Exchanges with Justices
Justice Gorsuch
“Why haven't you more prominently argued that transgender status should itself be a suspect class subject to heightened scrutiny, given the history of discrimination?”
Hartnett pivoted to describe significant historical discrimination including immigration exclusion under 'psychopathic personality' provisions, but acknowledged the Court hasn't recognized a new suspect class since Cleburne.
Justice Gorsuch
“If there's scientific uncertainty about whether hormone treatments eliminate competitive advantage, how does that fit with intermediate versus strict scrutiny?”
Hartnett acknowledged this is 'breaking new ground' and urged the Court to let a full record develop, effectively conceding that the scientific uncertainty question remains unresolved.
Chief Justice Roberts
“If we adopt your approach allowing challenges by small affected groups, wouldn't that apply across the entire range of sex-based distinctions, not just athletics?”
Hartnett argued the framework is limited by the state's own justification — controlling for biological advantage — but Roberts's concern suggested the Court fears a broader doctrinal disruption.
Precedent Cases Cited
Caban v. Mohammed
441 U.S. 380
Central to the debate over whether as-applied equal protection challenges exist under intermediate scrutiny. Respondents argued Caban established that sex-based laws are unconstitutional as applied to subgroups where the justification doesn't hold.
Lehr v. Robertson
463 U.S. 248
Petitioners cited it to argue plaintiffs who fall within a justified classification cannot challenge it. Respondents cited it as interpreting Caban as an as-applied challenge, with Lehr representing the facial challenge counterpart.
Nguyen v. INS
533 U.S. 53
Petitioners and the U.S. argued it shows that intermediate scrutiny does not require the state's justification to apply in every individual case, since the Court upheld the law despite the father clearly having a relationship with his child.
United States v. Virginia (VMI)
518 U.S. 515
Used by both sides: petitioners argued VMI supports separate women's spaces, while respondents argued it shows sex-based exclusions fail when the justification doesn't apply to qualified individuals in the excluded group.
Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
450 U.S. 464
The U.S. cited it as directly rejecting as-applied challenges under intermediate scrutiny, noting the Court called it 'ludicrous' to require the state's pregnancy-based justification to apply to every individual case.
United States v. Skrmetti
Cited by petitioners for the proposition that merely referencing transgender identity in a statute does not make it a transgender-status classification, and that the application of the law must turn on transgender status to trigger heightened scrutiny.
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
473 U.S. 432
Cited in discussion of whether transgender status should be a suspect class; petitioners argued the mentally disabled were denied suspect-class status in Cleburne despite a history of discrimination.
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M.
529 U.S. 277
Cited by petitioners on mootness, arguing that a party's voluntary cessation of the challenged conduct — even selling the business — does not moot the case when the party seeks to escape Supreme Court jurisdiction.
Legal Terminology
Analysis & Opinions
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