Rico v. United States
Whether the term of supervised release is tolled (paused) when a supervisee absconds from supervision, thereby extending the period during which the person can be found to have violated the conditions of supervised release.
The Decision
Roberts
·
Thomas
·
Sotomayor
·
Kagan
·
Kavanaugh
·
Barrett
·
Jackson
·
Decided March 25, 2026
Majority Opinion— Justice Gorsuch
The Supreme Court held that the Sentencing Reform Act does not allow a defendant's term of federal supervised release to be automatically extended when the defendant absconds (fails to report to a probation officer and disappears). Isabel Rico was on a 42-month term of supervised release set to expire in June 2021. She stopped reporting to her probation officer in 2018 and was not found until January 2023. During that time, she committed a state drug offense in January 2022. The lower courts treated that drug offense as a violation of her federal supervised release, reasoning that her abscondment "tolled" or paused the clock on her release term so it was still running in 2022. The Supreme Court rejected this reasoning in an 8-1 decision.
Justice Gorsuch, writing for the majority, explained that the Sentencing Reform Act already gives courts many tools to deal with defendants who violate supervised release — including revoking release, sending them back to prison, and imposing new terms of supervised release. The Act also contains specific rules about when courts can extend or toll supervised release, each with important limits (such as requiring a hearing, not exceeding statutory maximums, and requiring a warrant or summons to have been issued before the term expired). The Ninth Circuit's automatic extension rule bypassed all of these limits without any basis in the statute. The Court emphasized that Congress's detailed and careful scheme for handling supervised release violations strongly suggests that the absence of an automatic extension rule was intentional. The practical effect of the ruling is that Rico's January 2022 drug offense cannot be treated as an independent federal supervised release violation, and her case was sent back to the lower courts for further proceedings.
Dissenting Opinions
Justice Alito
Justice Alito dissented, arguing the case was much simpler than the majority made it and that the sentencing judge did nothing wrong. In his view, even if Rico's supervised release term had expired before her January 2022 drug offense, the sentencing judge was still permitted under the Sentencing Reform Act to consider that offense when deciding how long to send her back to prison. The Act directs judges to weigh factors like deterrence and public safety, and a serious drug crime committed while a defendant is a fugitive is clearly relevant to those considerations. Alito noted that the Sentencing Guidelines are only advisory, and the judge explicitly stated he was imposing the sentence regardless of the guideline range.
Alito found it strange to say that Rico was serving "supervised release" while actively evading all supervision, and equally strange to then say a crime committed during that period of evasion should be ignored. He argued the debate over whether the supervised release clock was tolled or kept running was beside the point because the judge had independent legal authority to account for the drug crime. In his view, the judge committed no error at all, and the Court should have affirmed the sentence.
Oral Argument Recording
Via Spotify ↗
Background & Facts
Isabel Rico was sentenced to a term of supervised release following imprisonment for a federal offense. She absconded from supervision — meaning she fled and could not be located by her probation officer — for approximately 37 months. During that time, she committed a state drug offense for which she was convicted and sentenced to state prison. A federal warrant was issued during her original supervised release term based on her absconding.
The critical question is what happens to crimes committed after her original supervised release term would have expired if the clock had kept running. Under the government's view, the supervised release clock stopped when she absconded, so her conditions extended beyond the original term, and crimes committed during the extended period count as violations of supervised release. This resulted in a higher sentencing guidelines range at her revocation hearing. Under Rico's view, the clock kept running, so crimes committed after the original term expired are not supervised release violations — though they can still be prosecuted independently and considered at sentencing.
Both sides agree Rico should face consequences for absconding and that a revocation hearing can take place because a warrant issued during the original term under Section 3583(i). The narrow dispute is whether the later crimes elevate her guidelines range as supervised release violations or are merely factors a judge may consider in exercising sentencing discretion.
Why This Case Matters
This case addresses a circuit split on whether federal courts can apply a judicially-created 'fugitive tolling' doctrine to supervised release — effectively extending the period of court-ordered conditions beyond the time specified in the judgment when a person absconds. The outcome affects how federal courts calculate sentencing guidelines at revocation hearings for thousands of individuals who abscond from supervised release each year.
The case also raises fundamental questions about the limits of judicial power to create common-law doctrines that extend punishment without explicit statutory authorization. If the Court rejects fugitive tolling, it reinforces that Congress must explicitly authorize extensions of criminal supervision periods. If the Court adopts it, courts would need to resolve subsidiary questions about what constitutes 'abscondment' and when tolling begins — areas where circuits already disagree.
The Circuit Split
Circuits split on whether federal courts may apply a judicially-created 'fugitive tolling' doctrine to supervised release, effectively extending the court-ordered supervision period beyond the judgment's specified term when a person absconds. This affects revocation proceedings for thousands of individuals who abscond from supervised release each year.
Tolling applies
Holds that the term of supervised release is tolled during the period a supervisee is a fugitive, extending the court's authority to revoke supervised release beyond the original term.
Tolling does not apply
Holds that there is no statutory or common-law basis for tolling supervised release when a supervisee absconds, and the term expires as set in the judgment.
The Arguments
There is no statutory basis for fugitive tolling in the Sentencing Reform Act. Congress deliberately chose revocation — not tolling — as the mechanism to address absconding from supervised release, and it is contradictory to say Rico was simultaneously not serving her sentence yet still violating its conditions.
- Congress repealed the parole fugitive-tolling statute (Section 4210(c)) when it enacted the SRA but created no equivalent for supervised release, while retaining carceral tolling for prisoners
- Section 3583(i) assumes the supervised release term will expire and provides jurisdiction for revocation hearings only when a warrant issues during the original term — inconsistent with the government's position that the term never ends
- The 1983 parole regulation establishing fugitive tolling was based on a 1976 statute and was prospective only, rebutting the claim of a longstanding common-law tradition
- Abscondment is undefined in the statute, and courts have inconsistently defined it — unlikely Congress intended this nebulous concept to govern when supervised release ends
Key Exchanges with Justices
Justice Kagan
“Asked the government where in the statute its fugitive-tolling solution comes from, noting that the statute provides a detailed remedy for people like Rico through revocation and new sentencing.”
Highlighted the absence of any explicit statutory authorization for fugitive tolling in supervised release, which is the central weakness of the government's case.
Justice Jackson
“Questioned whether supervised release really operates on a 'credit' system, noting that when release is revoked, the court doesn't calculate remaining time based on time already served.”
Undermined the government's core rationale by showing supervised release is needs-based, not a credit system, making the tolling framework a poor fit.
Justice Gorsuch
“Noted that the government's concern about supervisees running out the clock is really about resource constraints, and Congress has already amended Section 3583(i) once and could do so again.”
Suggested the Court should not invent a whole new doctrine with unresolved subsidiary questions when Congress is capable of addressing the issue directly.
A supervisee cannot be discharging her term of supervised release while absconding from supervision, because supervised release inherently requires actual supervision. Traditional fugitive-tolling principles, consistent with the statutory text and pre-SRA case law, mean the clock stops when a person deliberately evades supervision.
- Sections 3601 and 3603 require that a supervisee be supervised by a probation officer, and supervision is impossible when the person's whereabouts are unknown
- For the first 10 years of the SRA, Congress provided no warrant-extension mechanism (3583(i) wasn't enacted until 1994), suggesting Congress assumed traditional fugitive tolling would apply
- Without tolling, supervisees could defeat the supervision component of their judgment entirely by absconding and waiting out the term
- Abscondment tolling requires deliberate evasion of supervision (a mens rea element), distinguishing it from situations like a comatose supervisee or lazy probation officer
Key Exchanges with Justices
Justice Jackson
“Argued this is not really 'tolling' but an 'extension' rule, because the government wants the conditions to continue applying during the abscondment period — true tolling would mean neither the clock runs nor the obligations apply.”
Revealed that the government wants something more than traditional tolling — it wants the clock to stop but the conditions to keep binding, which is conceptually inconsistent.
Justice Sotomayor
“Asked how the government's position doesn't amount to extending punishment beyond the statutory five-year maximum for supervised release through judicial common law.”
Suggested the government's approach may effectively impose punishment beyond what Congress authorized, a serious constitutional concern.
Chief Justice Roberts
“Asked whether finding that a supervisee violated conditions during a period when the term wasn't running is like saying an escaped prisoner violated the prison dress code — a kind of double counting.”
Showed skepticism about holding someone accountable for violating the conditions of a sentence the government simultaneously says they weren't serving.
Precedent Cases Cited
Esteras v. United States
Cited by the government to argue that courts at revocation hearings should consider all forward-looking interests that criminal sentences serve, including deterrence and incapacitation, supporting the relevance of post-abscondment conduct.
Anderson v. Corall
Referenced by the government as part of the pre-SRA case law recognizing that interruptions of supervision caused by the supervisee could toll the running of the supervision term.
Zerbst v. Kidwell
Cited alongside Anderson v. Corall as part of the pre-SRA precedent supporting the principle that supervision terms are tolled when the supervisee's own conduct makes supervision impossible.
Cornell Johnson (referenced as 'Cornell Johnson')
Cited by the government to support the argument that this Court has recognized supervised release as a system of post-confinement monitoring and assistance that requires actual supervision.
Janvier (Second Circuit)
Cited to show that courts have understood Section 3583(i) as addressing only a narrow subset of late-breaking violations near the end of the supervised release term, not as a general fugitive-tolling provision.
United States v. Swick (Fifth Circuit)
Cited as a real-world example where the 3583(i) warrant mechanism failed because a supervisee completed a state prison term and the federal government was not notified, so no warrant issued during the supervised release term.
Ignacio Juarez (Ninth Circuit)
Cited by the government to argue that the Ninth Circuit has clarified that abscondment requires a pattern of conduct that prevents supervision, not merely missing a single appointment.
Crane (Ninth Circuit)
Cited by the government as another real-world example where the 3583(i) mechanism was insufficient, because a supervisee left a residential treatment program and the departure was not timely reported to the probation officer.
Legal Terminology
Analysis & Opinions
The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a criminal venue case and the justices appeared skeptical of the federal government's argument that a defendant can be tried not only where the offense occurred but also where the crime's "contemplated effects" are felt. The case concerns the scope of permissible federal prosecution venues.
The Supreme Court ruled against extending a defendant's federal supervised release term while the defendant was a fugitive. The decision clarifies that the period during which a defendant absconds does not toll or extend the supervised release term under federal law.